![]() As a result, it was mentioned that most of the raw materials for electric vehicle batteries are in short supply, and particular, lithium, a major raw material, is short of about 40% of the required amount, making the NZE policy impossible 15. The international energy agency (IEA) organized the net zero emission (NZE) policies for automobiles around the world and made a scenario. Because GDI engines have the advantage of increasing fuel economy and torque compared to PFI engines 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. To reduce CO 2, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines account for a significant portion of gasoline vehicles. For that reason, the need for carbon neutrality has recently increased, and many studies on high efficiency and high fuel efficiency are in progress to reduce CO 2 and harmful emissions. In addition, harmful emissions from vehicles pollute the atmosphere and have a detrimental effect on human health 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The size fraction of large particles increased as the ambient temperature decreased.Ĭlimate change events such as global warming are accelerating due to greenhouse gases such as CO 2 emitted from vehicles 1, 2, 3. The average engine-off time before ER was the longest in the urban phase, and the average ER exhaust temperature was the highest in the motorway phase. Immediately after ER, PN emissions increased rapidly, peaked at around 2–3 s, and then decreased thereafter. As the ambient temperature decreased, PN emissions increased regardless of the driving mode, but the ER PN percent decreased. The count of ER was higher in urban phases compared to rural and motorway phases. Within 5 s immediately after ER, it emitted PN equivalent to 90% of the total test emissions. The test HEV was controlled by dividing the engine operation during driving into ER and normal phases. The on board test route was conducted in the South Korean real driving emissions (RDE) certification route, consisting of urban, rural, and motorway phases. ![]() ES-582.1, PPS-M, EEPS, and temperature sensors were installed to acquire hybrid control unit (HCU), particle number (PN), PN size distribution, and exhaust temperature data. The ambient temperature was set at intervals of 10 ☌ from − 10 ☌ to 20 ☌. In this study, we analyzed particle emission characteristics in the engine restart (ER) phase of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) based on driving characteristics and ambient temperature.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |